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The plant growth, development, and secondary metabolism are regulated by R2 R3-MYB transcription factors. This study identified the R2 R3-MYB genes in the genome of Andrographis paniculata and analyzed the chromosomal localization, gene structure, and conserved domains, phylogenetic relationship, and promoter cis-acting elements of these R2 R3-MYB genes. Moreover, the gene expression profiles of R2 R3-MYB genes under abiotic stress and hormone treatments were generated by RNA-seq and validated by qRT-PCR. The results showed that A. paniculata contained 73 R2 R3-MYB genes on 21 chromosomes. These members belonged to 34 subfamilies, 19 of which could be classified into the known subfamilies in Arabidopsis thaliana. The 73 R2 R3-MYB members included 36 acidic proteins and 37 basic proteins, with the lengths of 148-887 aa. The domains, motifs, and gene structures of R2 R3-MYBs in A. paniculata were conserved. The promoter regions of these genes contains a variety of cis-acting elements related to the responses to environmental factors and plant hormones including light, ABA, MeJA, and drought. Based on the similarity of functions of R2 R3-MYBs in the same subfamily and the transcription profiles, ApMYB13/21/35/67/73(S22) may regulate drought stress through ABA pathway; ApMYB20(S11) and ApMYB55(S2) may play a role in the response of A. paniculata to high temperature and UV-C stress; ApMYB5(S7) and ApMYB33(S20) may affect the accumulation of andrographolide by regulating the expression of key enzymes in the MEP pathway. This study provides theoretical reference for further research on the functions of R2 R3-MYB genes in A. paniculata and breeding of A. paniculata varieties with high andrographolide content.
Subject(s)
Andrographis paniculata , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Genes, myb , Multigene Family , Phylogeny , Plant Proteins/metabolismABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo screen the appropriate reference genes for real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction（Real-time PCR）analysis of the Andrographis paniculata under methyl jasmonate（MeJA）and various abiotic stresses. MethodThe actin 1（ACT1），actin 2（ACT2），elongation factor（EF-1α），glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase（GAPDH），tubulin（TUB），polyubiquitin（UBQ）， and 18S rRNA（18S）gene were selected as candidate reference genes based on the RNA-seq data of high temperature，drought， UV， and MeJA. The expression of seven candidate reference genes in the A. paniculata leaves was assessed by Real-time PCR，and the stability was analyzed by geNorm，NormFinder，BestKeeper， and Refinder. ResultThe results of stability evaluated by geNorm，NormFinder， and BestKeeper were not the same due to different indicators. As analyzed by Refinder， for the stability of the expression， the genes were ranked as UBQ>18S>EF-1α>ACT2>ACT1>GAPDH>TUB under high temperature stress， ACT1>UBQ>EF-1α>18S>ACT2>GAPDH>TUB under drought stress， EF-1α>TUB>ACT2>UBQ>18S>GAPDH>ACT1 under UV stress， and ACT1>EF-1α>UBQ>ACT2>18S>TUB>GAPDH under MeJA stress. Among them，18S gene was not suitable as an internal reference gene duo to its high expressive abundance. This study also verified the relative expression level of andrographolide synthesis-related gene hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase （HMGS） in the four stresses on the basis of transcriptome data，and found that the Real-time PCR results of appropriate internal reference genes were accurate and reliable. ConclusionUBQ-ACT1-UBQ，EF-1α-TUB，and ACT1-EF-1α were the suitable combinations under stresses of high temperature，drought，UV， and MeJA. This study is expected to provide references for the research on function regulation and expression of genes in A. paniculata under high temperature，drought，UV， and MeJA stresses.
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Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the 7th costal cartilage graft for correcting saddle nose deformity.Methods A total of thirty-two patients,10 male and 22 female,were treated from January 2013 to December 2016.The age of the patients ranged from twelve to thirty years with an average of twenty-five years.Fourteen of the thirty-two patients were cases of post traumatic saddle nose deformity,ten were congenital saddle nose deformity,and eight were secondary cleft lip saddle nose deformity.In all of the cases,the 7th costal cartilage was used as an autologous graft for rhinoplasty.The reliability of this method was assessed in term of efficacy and safety including suitability of the graft material,donor site scarring and postoperative results and complications.Results The mean time for harvesting the cartilage was 30 minutes,and the mean length of the harvested 7th costal cartilage was four cm.Postoperatively,there were three cases of nasal deviation,one case of infection and one case where the K-wire exposed.Two patient's hypertrophic scaring on the donor site.All the other cases had positive successful outcomes.Conclusions An autologus 7th costal cartilage can be harvested safely and quickly,and its handling procedure is simple.It is a good option as an autologous graft for rhinoplasty.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of retroauricular skin expansion forthe purpose of ear reconstruction.Methods In this technique called three-stage method:1st soft tissue expander implantation under the skin close to the microtic ear,2nd the autogenous rib cartilage is harvested,the ear framework is prepared and covered with expanded skin.3rd the pseudomeatus,tragus and lobule are formed.Results 50 patients out of 55 patients were satisfied with their result and patients were followed up from 6 months to 2 years and no complain were received,There were few case with minor complication of (Exposure of expander,Deflation or Infection,Exposure of framework,Steel wire extrusion,Hypertrophic scar,Chest wall deformities) and the complications were treated accurately and carefully and patients were discharged after recoveries.Conclusion The three-stage method is very useful in microtia by using costal autogenous rib cartilage.
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Fifteen compounds were obtained from the twigs and leaves of Caesalpinia minax. Their structures were identified as apigenin (1), 5,7,3',4'- tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone (2), luteolin-5, 3 '-dimethyl-ether (3), thevetiaflavon (4), apigenin-7-O-beta-D-glucuronide (5), bonducellin (6), 7-hydroxy-3-( 4-hydroxybenzylidene )-chroman-4-one (7), 3-deoxysappanchalcone (8), 5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-2-methyl chromone (9), 4-(trans)-acetyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-dihydronaphthalenone (10), 4-(cis)-acetyl-3,6,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-dihydronaphthalenone (11), vanillic acid (12), omega-hydroxypropioquaiacone (13), syringaresinol (14) and uracil (15). All compounds were isolated from C. minax for the first time. Compounds 1-14 were phenolic compounds and compounds 1-5, 9-13 and 15 were isolated from the genus Caesalpinia for the first time.
Subject(s)
Caesalpinia , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Phenols , Chemistry , Plant Leaves , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of location and size of acute insular infarct on stroke-related electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and cardiovascular events.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety-nine cases admitted to hospital from October 2007 to June 2009, who were diagnosed as acute middle cerebral artery territory infarct within 48 h after onset and without the history of cardiac diseases, were included in the study. The patients were further divided into three groups: major insular infarct, minor insular infarct and control group, according to the infarct size on MRI diffusion-weighted image. The clinical data, ECG changes and cardiovascular events were compared between left and right insular infarct. Logistic regression was applied to determine the independent risk factors of ECG changes and cardiovascular events.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Large artery atherosclerosis was the main cause of acute insular infarct (71.8 %), which was associated with higher NIHSS score compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Comparing the left and right insular infarct, the frequencies of sinus bradycardia and sudden cardiac death were significantly higher in left insular infarct (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05), while there was a trend that the frequency of atrial fibrillation was higher in right insular infarct (P = 0.079). With the larger size of insular infarct, the frequency of sinus bradycardia, new atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death (P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.05, respectively) became much higher. Logistic regression analysis showed that major insular infarct was related to the higher frequency of sinus bradycardia (OR = 4.660, 95% CI: 1.646 ~ 13.195; P = 0.004).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Acute insular infarct is associated with the stroke-related ECG changes and sudden cardiac death. Left insular infarct is related to sinus bradycardia, possibly due to the enhanced parasympathetic tone. It deserves clinical attention that the incidence of cardiac autonomic disturbance becomes higher with the enlarged insular infarct size.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acute Disease , Brain Infarction , Death, Sudden, Cardiac , Electrocardiography , Logistic Models , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the methods of maintaining the stability of middle turbinate (MT), reducing the incidence of middle meatus synechia formation and improving the treatment effect of endoscopic sinus surgery.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A prospective study was conducted in 54 consecutive patients with chronic sinusitis. The patients were allocated into two groups. During the operation, the most anterior and superior MT attachments to the agger nasi region were preserved, and anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy were performed in group A (27 cases 47 sides). Besides above structures, the most posterior and inferior aspects of the basal lamellae and the horizontal boney strut structures of the basal lamellae were preserved in group B (27 cases 51 sides).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were no significant differences between the two groups in age, course and preoperation visual analogue scale (VAS) score. The VAS scores in group A before and 1 year after operation were (6.41 +/- 0.25) and (1.70 +/- 0.36), the difference was significant (t = 10.472, P < 0.05). The VAS scores in group B before and 1 year after operation were (6.78 +/- 0.23) and (0.66 +/- 0.16), the difference was significant (t = 17.195, P < 0.05). The Lund-Kennedy scores in group A and group B one year after operation were (1.85 +/- 0.47) and (0.67 +/- 0.16), the difference was significant (t = 2.290, P < 0.05). The MT position was described as stable, slight drifting laterally and synechia formation. And the incidence of stable, slight drifting laterally and synechia between MT and the nasal lateral wall in group A and group B was 57.4%, 23.4%, 19.1% and 88.2%, 3.9%, 7.8% respectively, the differences were significant (chi(2) = 12.511, P < 0.05)</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Conservation of the horizontal bony strut of basal lamellae could better maintain the stability of MT, reduce the incidence of MT drifting laterally and synechia formation, and finally improve the curative effect of endoscopic sinus surgery.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Endoscopy , Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures , Methods , Prospective Studies , Sinusitis , General Surgery , Turbinates , General SurgeryABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen(HBO)therapy on mitochondrial free radicals after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The male SD rats were randomly assigned into two groups, control and HBO groups. All animals were subjected to 90 min intra-luminal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with the regional cerebral blood flow monitored in vivo by laser Doppler flowmetry. HBO treatment was performed in a pressure chamber with 100% O(2)(3 ATM 1 h) 3 h after ischemia. Twenty-four hours after ischemia, mitochondria in the ischemic core and penumbra were isolated and the contents of H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA, SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in mitochondria were measured respectively.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>After cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, contents of mitochondrial H(2)O(2), O(2)(*-), MDA increased, while the SOD, GSH-PX and GSH in the mitochondria decreased significantly both in the ischemic core and the ischemic penumbra, compared with those in the normal controls(P<0.05). In the ischemic penumbra, HBO therapy increased significantly the content of O(2)(*-)(P<0.05), enhanced the activity of SOD, and decreased the level of MDA (P<0.05). However, HBO therapy did not change the level of MDA, though it also increased the content of O(2)(*-) and the activity of SOD in the ischemic core. HBO therapy had no significant effect on the contents of H(2)O(2), GSH-PX and GSH in the ischemic mitochondria.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HBO therapy initiated early after acute transient cerebral ischemia in rats can increase the mitochondrial free radicals level, but also increase the activity of the anti-radical enzymes. HBO treatment inhibits the lipid peroxidation damage of mitochondria in the ischemic penumbra, but not in the ischemic core, which indicates that the mitochondrial function plays a role in the reaction of the free radical in the ischemic area after HBO therapy.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Free Radicals , Metabolism , Glutathione Peroxidase , Metabolism , Hyperbaric Oxygenation , Methods , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery , Metabolism , Therapeutics , Ischemic Attack, Transient , Metabolism , Therapeutics , Mitochondria , Metabolism , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Reperfusion Injury , Superoxide Dismutase , MetabolismABSTRACT
When it is cold winter in the northern China, the temperature of water is very low. Low tempera- ture is the main reason of the worse treatment of oil wastewater. In cold winter when the temperature is lowered to around 4?C, the effect of biological treatment of sewage is poor and hard to target the problem of reach a set standard of outing water. Use of microbiology to deal with oil pollution is one of the most effective, the most secure and the most thorough method. So the article from the microbiological point of view to study, isolated from nature world, screening to eight low-temperature grease which can grow under 5?C and degradation of sewage bacteria.